Planned indiret potable reuse (IPR), using advanced water treatment processes such as membrane filtration, has predominatly been the preserve of highly developed weathly countries such as the USA (and soon, Australia). However, it seems that such high-tech IPR practices may not be so endemic to such highly developed countries for very much longer.
An article in today’s Khaleej Times (published from Dubai, UAE) reports plans afoot to develop an advanced membrane-based IPR scheme for the city of Bangalore in India.
Bangalore is, in fact, among the most developed cities in India, thanks largely to a thriving technology industry. The New York Times reported in 2006:
“Bangalore is now home to more than 1,000 technology firms, ranging from tiny two-person start-ups to large multinational companies like Intel, Texas Instruments and Cisco Systems. In a teeming city of seven million, the industry employs about 300,000 workers, who are turning into a rising middle-class…”
“Young, comparatively well-paid technology workers, many in their 20s, dress in the latest American and European clothing labels, speak in accented English, drive foreign cars and shop in fancy malls. Home prices are shooting up in the city, and in the last couple of years, local newspapers advertise apartments and villas costing more than $1 million.”
Nonetheless, advanced water and sanitation infrastructure are not characteristics that most Indian cities are known for. Sewage is discharged into major rivers from many Indian cities after only very poor or no treatment. Such practices are –tragically- major contributors to the appaling public health conditions that continue to plague cities like Calcutta and Delhi.
So it was with a high degree of optimisim that I read this article reflecting the on-going development of Bangalore. It is to be hoped that knowledge, skills and capability developed in this city will, in time, be transferable to other Indian cities desperatly in need of improved water management.
I don’t have any further information on the proposed Bangalore scheme, other than what is in the article below. However if you do, I’d be grateful to know more.
Bangalore to Recycle Used Water for Drinking Purposes
Khaleej Times
24 January 2008
BANGALORE - The growing demand for water has forced the authorities in Bangalore to take up a project to promote use of recycled water for drinking purposes.
The demand for drinking water has reached 1.2 billion litres per day in Bangalore against the availability of 930 million litres per day. The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) has decided to implement a Rs4.72 billion project to recycle water for drinking purposes under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
According to a statement from BWSSB, the project has been sanctioned by JNNURM’s Screening Committee, which met in New Delhi last week. Under the project, BWSSB will collect used water in Visvesvaraya valley on the outskirts of the city. “The used water will undergo tertiary treatment, ultra filtration and membrane process. This will help the authorities to supply an additional 135 million litres per day once the project is completed by 2010”, the statement said.
Presently, the drinking water supply to Bangalore is being met by River Cauvery, which flows at a distance of almost 120kms from Bangalore, and the Thippegondanahalli reservoir. But, the 810 million litres from Cauvery and 150 million litres from Thippegondanahalli reservoir are inadequate creating a shortfall of more than 250 million litres per day.
Thursday, January 24, 2008
Wednesday, January 02, 2008
Clean Up Our Coast
Not surprisingly, most of the discussion about water recycling during the last decade has been focussed on the need to overcome potable water shortages. However, there is another important driver for improved water management. That is, the need to minimise the impact that discharged treated sewage effluents have on the marine environment.
The discharges from Australian ocean outfalls represent a cumulating, and often overlooked, burden on marine flora and fauna. Some of the pollutants found in primary and secondary treated effluents include nutrients, suspended solids, organic carbon, pathogens and toxic chemicals. Large volumes of fresh water can also detrimentally alter otherwise saline environments. Furthermore, sewage discharges can carry large quantities of heat to otherwise cooler environments, thereby disrupting local ecosystems.
Every year, thousands of tons of the essential plant nutrients phosphorus and nitrogen are discharged via Sydney’s three deepwater ocean outfalls. These nutrients support the growth of plants and algae in coastal waters. Most of the nitrogen is discharged in the form of ammonia which is toxic to marine ecosystems.
The federal opposition environment spokesman, Greg Hunt, has long been an active campaigner for the cessation of ocean outfall practices in Australia. Today, The Age newspaper reports Hunt embarking on a renewed campaign to lobby the Federal and State Governments to consider more carefully the options for reusing –instead of discharging- some of the effluents from Australia's major cities.
Libs Urge Action on Ocean Spill
Jewel Topsfield, Canberra
The Age
January 2, 2008
A CAMPAIGN to pressure the states to stop sewage spewing into the ocean will be launched by the Federal Opposition.
Opposition environment spokesman Greg Hunt will meet the opposition parties in each state and territory throughout this month. His aim is to form a national conservative coalition that will fight a campaign to be called Clean Up Our Coast.
In Victoria, the campaign will be focused on the Boags Rocks outfall near Gunnamatta beach, where the equivalent of 55,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools full of off-colour, treated sewage is flushed into Bass Strait every year.
Mr Hunt said there were 140 ocean outfalls across the country where pipes from treatment plants dump 1800 billion litres of sewage into the sea every year.
He said waste water that could be recycled for industry or agriculture was polluting oceans, harming marine life and jeopardising the health of surfers.
"It's inconceivable that the states allow this pollution to continue, let alone the waste of water," Mr Hunt said.
"Gunnamatta has 150 billion litres a year of secondary treated sewage dumped 10 to 20 metres offshore of one of the great surf beaches.
"Surfers still go there because it is such a great break, but they report numerous examples of ear infections which you simply don't get from other beaches."
Most of the recycled effluent that enters Bass Strait at Boags Rocks comes from the Eastern Treatment plant at Carrum, which is one of Melbourne's two big sewerage plants.
The Clean Ocean Foundation has been campaigning for years to close the Boags Rocks ocean outfall.
"This pipeline is the largest shoreline outfall in Australia, daily dumping more than 450 million litres. This is 42% of Melbourne's waste," the group's website says.
"These pipelines are at the ends of the water supply and waste collection chain, and because no dumping fee is paid, they are used indiscriminately."
During the 2006 state election, Labor spruiked an ambitious $2.3 billion plan to divert drinking water from the power stations in the Latrobe Valley and replace it with the recycled sewage now flushed out to sea near Gunnamatta.
But when the State Government announced its $4.9 billion water plan last June, including the desalination plant near Wonthaggi, the recycled plan was not approved.
"Victoria took the 'clean up Gunnamatta' campaign to the election, but then it evaporated afterwards," Mr Hunt said. "While I accept the desalination plant is part of the solution, it shouldn't be used as an excuse to abandon their election promise."
He said the Clean Up Our Coast campaign would involve naming and shaming the state governments and working with coastal action groups to raise public awareness. The Opposition would also lobby the Rudd Government to fund a national audit of the volume of sewage being pumped into the ocean.
A spokesman for Water Minister Tim Holding said the State Government remained committed to a $300 million upgrade of the Carrum plant. It is planned that the plant will provide 100 billion litres of recycled water every year by 2012 and improve the quality of the waste water discharged into Gunnamatta.
The discharges from Australian ocean outfalls represent a cumulating, and often overlooked, burden on marine flora and fauna. Some of the pollutants found in primary and secondary treated effluents include nutrients, suspended solids, organic carbon, pathogens and toxic chemicals. Large volumes of fresh water can also detrimentally alter otherwise saline environments. Furthermore, sewage discharges can carry large quantities of heat to otherwise cooler environments, thereby disrupting local ecosystems.
Every year, thousands of tons of the essential plant nutrients phosphorus and nitrogen are discharged via Sydney’s three deepwater ocean outfalls. These nutrients support the growth of plants and algae in coastal waters. Most of the nitrogen is discharged in the form of ammonia which is toxic to marine ecosystems.
The federal opposition environment spokesman, Greg Hunt, has long been an active campaigner for the cessation of ocean outfall practices in Australia. Today, The Age newspaper reports Hunt embarking on a renewed campaign to lobby the Federal and State Governments to consider more carefully the options for reusing –instead of discharging- some of the effluents from Australia's major cities.
Libs Urge Action on Ocean Spill
Jewel Topsfield, Canberra
The Age
January 2, 2008
A CAMPAIGN to pressure the states to stop sewage spewing into the ocean will be launched by the Federal Opposition.
Opposition environment spokesman Greg Hunt will meet the opposition parties in each state and territory throughout this month. His aim is to form a national conservative coalition that will fight a campaign to be called Clean Up Our Coast.
In Victoria, the campaign will be focused on the Boags Rocks outfall near Gunnamatta beach, where the equivalent of 55,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools full of off-colour, treated sewage is flushed into Bass Strait every year.
Mr Hunt said there were 140 ocean outfalls across the country where pipes from treatment plants dump 1800 billion litres of sewage into the sea every year.
He said waste water that could be recycled for industry or agriculture was polluting oceans, harming marine life and jeopardising the health of surfers.
"It's inconceivable that the states allow this pollution to continue, let alone the waste of water," Mr Hunt said.
"Gunnamatta has 150 billion litres a year of secondary treated sewage dumped 10 to 20 metres offshore of one of the great surf beaches.
"Surfers still go there because it is such a great break, but they report numerous examples of ear infections which you simply don't get from other beaches."
Most of the recycled effluent that enters Bass Strait at Boags Rocks comes from the Eastern Treatment plant at Carrum, which is one of Melbourne's two big sewerage plants.
The Clean Ocean Foundation has been campaigning for years to close the Boags Rocks ocean outfall.
"This pipeline is the largest shoreline outfall in Australia, daily dumping more than 450 million litres. This is 42% of Melbourne's waste," the group's website says.
"These pipelines are at the ends of the water supply and waste collection chain, and because no dumping fee is paid, they are used indiscriminately."
During the 2006 state election, Labor spruiked an ambitious $2.3 billion plan to divert drinking water from the power stations in the Latrobe Valley and replace it with the recycled sewage now flushed out to sea near Gunnamatta.
But when the State Government announced its $4.9 billion water plan last June, including the desalination plant near Wonthaggi, the recycled plan was not approved.
"Victoria took the 'clean up Gunnamatta' campaign to the election, but then it evaporated afterwards," Mr Hunt said. "While I accept the desalination plant is part of the solution, it shouldn't be used as an excuse to abandon their election promise."
He said the Clean Up Our Coast campaign would involve naming and shaming the state governments and working with coastal action groups to raise public awareness. The Opposition would also lobby the Rudd Government to fund a national audit of the volume of sewage being pumped into the ocean.
A spokesman for Water Minister Tim Holding said the State Government remained committed to a $300 million upgrade of the Carrum plant. It is planned that the plant will provide 100 billion litres of recycled water every year by 2012 and improve the quality of the waste water discharged into Gunnamatta.
